The importance of female heads of households in providing the basic needs of household members on the one hand and the limitations they face in most socio-economic fields have made it necessary to pay attention to the issues of female heads of households in most societies including our country. The purpose of this study is to use the systematic review method to review and evaluate the Policy proposals that have been proposed in Iran for women heads of households. A total of 296 articles and 5 reports were identified. In the review and eligibility phase, the total number of selected texts was considered to be 79 texts, of which 62 studies used the quantitative method and 17 studies used the qualitative method. Based on the studies that proposed Policy proposals, the characteristics of female heads of the household, the axes of vulnerability, the evaluation of policies and proposals were determined. The findings showed that more Policy proposals were made based on the characteristics of low literacy, being unemployed, and being middle-aged. Based on the axes of vulnerability, women heads of households are more vulnerable psychologically and socially than they are materially vulnerable in many cases. The evaluation of policies for women heads of households showed that the most interventions for the empowerment of women heads of households were focused on the economic field and were mainly pursued in the form of financial payments and did not pay enough attention to other aspects of women's empowerment, while the empowerment of women heads of households was successful when It is expected to simultaneously pay attention to their mental health and improve their social and economic status.

Introduction: Health sector can be directed to a great deal of improvements by formulation of proper policies. However, Policy Making in human resources, the most important resource, was not regarded as much necessary as the health sector.Therefore, this study aimed to compare core Stages of Policy Making in human resources for the health sector (HRH). Such a research can be considered as an important step for identification of the proper process for Policy Making in HRH.Methods and Materials: This study was a descriptive comparative research. First of all, a discussion group consisting of human resources and health service administration elites were established. This group compared the selected models of Policy Making through a comparative table and projected core Stages.Finally, the accuracy of the projected Stages was studied by health system elites and university professors using a questionnaire with Likert method.Results: Using the comparative table, six Stages for Policy Making in HRH were suggested by the discussion group. These Stages included issue identification, assessment, Policy formulation, implementation, Policy evaluation and Policy review. Somehow most of these Stages were partially or completely considered in the studied models. Suggested Stages were agreed by elites and, the average scores showed. In the end, HRH Policy Making Stages were showed in a model.Conclusion: The six-stage Policy Making process was confirmed by both the respondent elites and related literature.Designing a model to illustrate the details of proper process for Policy Making can be suggested as an influential step to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the health sector in Iran.

Media Policy is a collection of principles and norms codified for leading the behaviors of media organizations. This collection of policies has also limited practical applications, but, in fact, it is a wide and fundamental practice.These policies, in public opinion, originate from communications, political ideologies, the country's economic, social conditions and the values underlying them. They try to connect values with real needs and media forethought.However, it should be noted that without proper knowledge of the process of general Policy Making and its different Stages in the government, we cannot talk about media Policy Making.Without doubt media Policy Making is not as old as general Policy Making.That's why studying general Policy Making help us a lot in media Policy Making.In the present article, first, general Policy Making and then media Policy Making is addressed.

Background: Stewardship, resource generation, financing, and providing services are the 4 main functions in any health system. Using intelligence and common sense in Making policies and decisions is a subcomponent of the stewardship. The present study aimed at designing a model that provides better access to the stakeholders’ wisdom. Methods: This was a qualitative study in which the data were collected through reviewing documents and references, focused group discussions with experts, and interviewing the stakeholders. The data were analyzed and summed up as a conceptual framework. Then, the framework was developed as a health Policy-Making stakeholders' network protocol, which included the goal, structure, system process, procedures and standards, management style, and resources. Results: The goal of establishing this network was to facilitate and accelerate the access of Policy-makers to the stakeholders’ opinions. Members of the network were divided into 2 groups of thematic experts and administrative managers, as real or legal persons. Health Policy issues were categorized into 4 fields and defined in 18 subfields. The network was established through forming a national secretariat, under the supervision of the Minister of Health, with the presence of trained experts, and with an exclusive budget. The stakeholders participated in the network both actively and passively. The website and email were the first communication methods although there were also other Policy dialogue means, which were publicly declared through the annual calendar. Stakeholders were motivated by being invited to meetings, keeping up their intellectual ownership, and encouraging them. Conclusion: Strengthening the health system stewardship depends on using common sense and information in addition to vision formation and establishment of controlling mechanisms. The stakeholders’ network could help establish the 2 last components sustainably. Annual evaluation of the network and its consolidation has also been suggested in this study.

no abstract

In asking the question “What happens in the process of Policy-Making the result of which is not intended?”, studies have not tried to find the relevant answer. They have tried to come up with a model to keep Policy-Making away from plausible risks. Suchresponsescan befoundinvarious conceptual forms. In this study, it is classified under four categories of cohesion Policy, the totalitarian government, integration Policy, and network ruling. Each concept has examined Policy-Making from different perspectives in different countries. This study aims to use thes trategy of data-driven theorizing to extract a descriptive hypothesis. A new concept of Policy-Making has been offered with its definition, typology, and occurrence. The result of the study defines Policy-Making as the interference of human or non-human factors arising from the native culture leading the top Policy-maker not to achieve the intended outcomes. Two varieties of conceptual and procedural gaps are offered. Moreover, two different viewpoints are put forward on the reasons of such a phenomenon. The former discusses the reasons of the gap and the latter discusses the relevant factors. The reasons of Policy gapcan be presented in three sections including culture ecology, Policy structure and Policy-Making process. Also, human and non-human factors are known to cause Policy gap and forming process of these factors are explained and demonstrated.

The "Quality" is a multifaceted concept but in cultural products is more complicated because of the variety tastes and attitudes. Along with the development of cultural productions media technology growth is one of the most important reasons, on “the quality study of media products" has been emphasized. Although the audio and video products are important in comparison with other media products because of their impact strength, penetration ranges, high speed and competitive market. But in Iran for a monopoly of radio and television, other additional factors like cultural campaign or software against this country are the important reasons for quality study of these kind of media products. So IRIB must review the production quality PolicyMaking in radio and television for attract more audience. Considering that important subject, the main factors that improve quality of radio and television products will be study in this article.

Economic policies include Policy-Making in monetary_ banking, financial and commercial aspects. Monetary policies are more important in bank-oriented economies and in this countries, The Government determines other policies based on monetary market Policy. The present research is conducted concerningthe challenges of the national economy including inflation growth, price shocks, liquidity growth, bankruptcy of financial institutions and failed projects, with the goal of proposing a model for monetary Policy-Making process. In this research, an analytical model was designed based on a six-stage Policy-Making process, and effective organizations and factors were identified after explorative studies and interview with scholars. The Results confirmed the necessity of the existence of 8, 8, 12, 7, 7, 11 organizations in the Stages of identification, formulation, approval, implementation, evaluation and modification/ termination of policies, as well as confirmed the effect of 7 internal and 6 external factors on Policy-Making process.

In the course of sports general Policy-Making, the presence of parallel institutions as well as multiple sources of decision-Making to deal with the different dimensions of sports has resulted in the waste of the country's material and spiritual resources as well as forces and talents. Therefore, assuming the problem in the Iranian sports Policy-Making and focusing on the multiple sources of decision-Making, the present paper is seeking to concentrate on the most basic problem of decision-Making procedure of the country’ s sports system in national, regional and international levels on the basis of Pierre Muller decision-Making sources model. The statistics of the research is based on the accomplishment of our 4th and 5th developmental programs as well as on the success of our championship sports in Asian and Olympic Games. This research has been done through descriptive method of qualitative meta-analysis, and due to the research type, the data collection instrument has been the library search and the various sports sites survey. The results of the paper revealed that the unstable process of championship and professional sports in our country is because of the multiple decision-Making institutions. . .

The purpose of this research is studying the effect of Policy research in Policy Making area. For this, has been used from a model that is presented by Dukeshire and Thurlow. This model is consist from four dimension; recognizing problems and identifying issues, understanding key issues, supporting a selected plan of action and monitoring process evaluating impact. In a survey among Policy researcher organizations, majles was selected as population. Among 120 members of it, 40 members has selected by random sampling. Data after gathering, analyzed by SPSS software. By the result, in every four dimension, exist different between available and favorite status.we analyzes these result in the conclusion section.